Civil Engineering

Friday 4 November 2016

ASCE Code of Ethics

Code of Ethics

Fundamental Principles
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering
profession by:
1. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment;
2. being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients;
3. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and
4. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.
Fundamental Canons
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to
comply with the principles of sustainable development
in the performance of their professional
duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not
compete unfairly with others.
6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity
of the engineering profession and shall act with zero-tolerance for bribery, fraud, and
corruption.
7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall
provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their
supervision.
Guidelines to Practice Under the Fundamental Canons of Ethics
Canon 1.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to
comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional
duties.
a. Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are
dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions and practices incorporated into
structures, machines, products, processes and devices.
b. Engineers shall approve or seal only those design documents, reviewed or prepared by
them, which are determined to be safe for public health and welfare in conformity with
accepted engineering standards.
c. Engineers whose professional judgment is overruled under circumstances where the safety,
health and welfare of the public are endangered, or the principles of sustainable
development ignored, shall inform their clients or employers of the possible consequences.
d. Engineers who have knowledge or reason to believe that another person or firm may be in
violation of any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall present such information to the proper
authority in writing and shall cooperate with the proper authority in furnishing such further
information or assistance as may be required.
e. Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic affairs and work for
the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their communities, and the
protection of the environment through the practice of sustainable development.
f. Engineers should be committed to improving the environment by adherence to the principles
of sustainable development so as to enhance the quality of life of the general public.
Canon 2.
Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.
a. Engineers shall undertake to perform engineering assignments only when qualified by
education or experience in the technical field of engineering involved.
b. Engineers may accept an assignment requiring education or experience outside of their own
fields of competence, provided their services are restricted to those phases of the project in
which they are qualified. All other phases of such project shall be performed by qualified
associates, consultants, or employees.
c. Engineers shall not affix their signatures or seals to any engineering plan or document
dealing with subject matter in which they lack competence by virtue of education or
experience or to any such plan or document not reviewed or prepared under their
supervisory control.
Canon 3.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
a. Engineers should endeavor to extend the public knowledge of engineering and sustainable
development, and shall not participate in the dissemination of untrue, unfair or exaggerated
statements regarding engineering.
b. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony.
They shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements, or
testimony.
c. Engineers, when serving as expert witnesses, shall express an engineering opinion only
when it is founded upon adequate knowledge of the facts, upon a background of technical
competence, and upon honest conviction.
d. Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on engineering matters which
are inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they indicate on whose behalf the
statements are made.
e. Engineers shall be dignified and modest in explaining their work and merit, and will avoid any
act tending to promote their own interests at the expense of the integrity, honor and dignity
of the profession.
Canon 4.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
a. Engineers shall avoid all known or potential conflicts of interest with their employers or
clients and shall promptly inform their employers or clients of any business association,
interests, or circumstances which could influence their judgment or the quality of their
services.
b. Engineers shall not accept compensation from more than one party for services on the same
project, or for services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances are fully
disclosed to and agreed to, by all interested parties.
c. Engineers shall not solicit or accept gratuities, directly or indirectly, from contractors, their
agents, or other parties dealing with their clients or employers in connection with work for
which they are responsible.
d. Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or employees of a governmental body ordepartment shall not participate in considerations or actions with respect to services
solicited or provided by them or their organization in private or public engineering practice.
e. Engineers shall advise their employers or clients when, as a result of their studies, they
believe a project will not be successful.
f. Engineers shall not use confidential information coming to them in the course of their
assignments as a means of making personal profit if such action is adverse to the interests
of their clients, employers or the public.
g. Engineers shall not accept professional employment outside of their regular work or interest
without the knowledge of their employers.
Canon 5.
Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not
compete unfairly with others.
a. Engineers shall not give, solicit or receive either directly or indirectly, any political
contribution, gratuity, or unlawful consideration in order to secure work, exclusive of
securing salaried positions through employment agencies.
b. Engineers should negotiate contracts for professional services fairly and on the basis of
demonstrated competence and qualifications for the type of professional service required.
c. Engineers may request, propose or accept professional commissions on a contingent basis
only under circumstances in which their professional judgments would not be compromised.
d. Engineers shall not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their academic or professional
qualifications or experience.
e. Engineers shall give proper credit for engineering work to those to whom credit is due, and
shall recognize the proprietary interests of others. Whenever possible, they shall name the
person or persons who may be responsible for designs, inventions, writings or other
accomplishments.
f. Engineers may advertise professional services in a way that does not contain misleading
language or is in any other manner derogatory to the dignity of the profession. Examples of
permissible advertising are as follows:
 Professional cards in recognized, dignified publications, and listings in rosters or
directories published by responsible organizations, provided that the cards or
listings are consistent in size and content and are in a section of the publication
regularly devoted to such professional cards.
 Brochures which factually describe experience, facilities, personnel and capacity to
render service, providing they are not misleading with respect to the engineer's
participation in projects described.
 Display advertising in recognized dignified business and professional publications,
providing it is factual and is not misleading with respect to the engineer's extent of
participation in projects described.
 A statement of the engineers' names or the name of the firm and statement of the
type of service posted on projects for which they render services.
 Preparation or authorization of descriptive articles for the lay or technical press,
which are factual and dignified. Such articles shall not imply anything more than
direct participation in the project described.
 Permission by engineers for their names to be used in commercial advertisements,
such as may be published by contractors, material suppliers, etc., only by means
of a modest, dignified notation acknowledging the engineers' participation in the
project described. Such permission shall not include public endorsement of
proprietary products.
g. Engineers shall not maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, injure the professional
reputation, prospects, practice or employment of another engineer or indiscriminately
criticize another's work.
h. Engineers shall not use equipment, supplies, laboratory or office facilities of their employers
to carry on outside private practice without the consent of their employers.
Canon 6.
Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act with zero-tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption.
a. Engineers shall not knowingly engage in business or professional practices of a
fraudulent, dishonest or unethical nature.
b. Engineers shall be scrupulously honest in their control and spending of monies, and
promote effective use of resources through open, honest and impartial service with
fidelity to the public, employers, associates and clients.
c. Engineers shall act with zero-tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption in all engineering or
construction activities in which they are engaged.
d. Engineers should be especially vigilant to maintain appropriate ethical behavior where
payments of gratuities or bribes are institutionalized practices.
e. Engineers should strive for transparency in the procurement and execution of projects.
Transparency includes disclosure of names, addresses, purposes, and fees or commissions
paid for all agents facilitating projects.
f. Engineers should encourage the use of certifications specifying zero-tolerance for bribery,
fraud, and corruption in all contracts.
Canon 7.
Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall
provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their
supervision.
a. Engineers should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in professional practice,
participating in continuing education courses, reading in the technical literature, and
attending professional meetings and seminars.
b. Engineers should encourage their engineering employees to become registered at the
earliest possible date.
c. Engineers should encourage engineering employees to attend and present papers at
professional and technical society meetings.
d. Engineers shall uphold the principle of mutually satisfying relationships between employers
and employees with respect to terms of employment including professional grade
descriptions, salary ranges, and fringe benefits.
Note:
1) The Society’s Code of Ethics was adopted on September 2, 1914 and was most recently amended on July 23, 2006. Pursuant to the
Society’s Bylaws, it is the duty of every Society member to report promptly to the Committee on Professional Conduct any observed
violation of the Code of Ethics.
2) In April 1975, the ASCE Board of Direction adopted the fundamental principles of the Code of Ethics of Engineers as accepted by the
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET).
3) In October 2009, the ASCE Board of Direction adopted the following definition of Sustainable Development: “Sustainable Development
is the process of applying natural, human, and economic resources to enhance the safety, welfare, and quality of life for all of the society
while maintaining the availability of the remaining natural resources.”
For more visit http://www.asce.org/

Friday 12 August 2016

FIELD TESTS ON CEMENT

1. DATE OF PACKING

Date of manufacture should be seen on the bag. It is important because the strength of cement reduces with age.
Reduction in Cement Strength Due To Storage

1. If it is Fresh Cement, Strength is nill % reduced
2. If Duration is Three Months, Strength is 20% reduced
3. If Duration is Six Months, Strength is 30% reduced
4. If Duration is 12 months, Strength is 40% reduced
5. If Duration is 24 months, Strength is 50% reduced



2. COLOUR

The cement should be uniform in colour. In general the colour of cement is grey with a light greenish shade. The colour of cement gives an indication of excess lime or clay and the degree of burning.



3. RUBBING

Take a pinch of cement between fingers and rub it. It should feel smooth while rubbing. If it is rough, that means adulteration with sand.


4. HAND INSERTION

Thrust your hand into the cement bag and it should give cool feeling. It indicates that no hydration reaction is taking place in the bag.


5. FLOAT TEST

Throw a small quantity of cement in a bucket of water. It should sink and should not float on the surface.


6. SMELL TEST

Take a pinch of cement and smell it. If the cement contains too much of pounded clay and silt as an adulterant, the paste will give an earthy smell.


7. PRESENCE OF LUMPS

Open the bag and see that lumps should not be present in the bag. It will ensure that no setting has taken place.


8. SHAPE TEST

Take 100g of cement and make a stiff paste. Prepare a cake with sharp edges and put on the glass plate. Immerse this plate in water. Observe that the shape shouldn’t get disturbed while settling. It should be able to set and attain strength. Cement is capable of setting under water also and that is why it is also called ‘Hydraulic Cement’.

Friday 8 April 2016

Indian Standards for Cement Manufacturing and Usage

IS 269:1989 – Specification for ordinary Portland cement, 33 grade
IS 455:1989 Specification for Portland slag cement
IS 650:1991 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement
IS 1344:1981 Specification for calcined clay pozzolana
IS 1489(Part 1):1991 Specification for Portland pozzolana cement Part 1 Flyash based
IS 1489(Part 2):1991 Specification for Portland-pozzolana cement: Part 2 Calcined clay based
IS 1727:1967 Methods of test for pozzolanic materials
IS 2645:2003 Integral waterproofing compounds for cement mortar 
IS 3085:1965 Method of test for permeability of cement mortar 
IS 3466:1988 Specification for masonry cement
IS 3535:1986 Methods of sampling hydraulic cement
IS 3812(Part 1):2003 Specification for pulverized fuel ash Part 1 For use as pozzolana in cement 
IS 3812(Part 2):2003 Specification for pulverized fuel ash Part 2 For use as admixture in cement
IS 4031(Part 1):1996 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 1 Determination of fineness by dry sieving
IS 4031(Part 2):1999 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 2 Determination of fineness by specific surface by Blaine air permeability method
IS 4031(Part 3):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 3 Determination of soundness
IS 4031(Part 4):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 4 Determination of consistency of standard cement paste
IS 4031(Part 5):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 5 Determination of initial and final setting times
IS 4031(Part 6):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 6 Determination of compressive strength of hydraulic cement (other than masonry cement)
IS 4031(Part 7):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 7 Determination of compressive strength of masonry cement
IS 4031(Part 8):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 8 Determination of transverse and compressive strength of plastic mortar using prism
IS 4031(Part 9):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 9 Determination of heat of hydration
IS 4031(Part 10):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 10 Determination of drying shrinkage
IS 4031(Part 11):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 11 Determination of density
IS 4031(Part 12):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 12 Determination of air content of hydraulic cement mortar
IS 4031(Part 13):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 13 Measurement of water retentivity of masonry cement
IS 4031(Part 14):1989 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 14 Determination of false set
IS 4031(Part 15):1991 Methods of physical test for hydraulic cement: Part 15 Determination of fineness by wet sieving
IS 4032:1985 Method of chemical analysis of hydraulic cement
IS 5512:1983 Specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cements and pozzolanic materials
IS 5513:1996 Specification for vicat apparatus
IS 6452:1989 Specification for high alumina cement for structural use
IS 6909:1990 Specification for supersulphated cement
IS 8041:1990 Specification for rapid hardening Portland cement
IS 8042:1989 Specification for white Portland cement
IS 8043:1991 Specification for hydrophobic Portland cement
IS 8112:1989 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland
IS 8229:1986 Specification for oil-well cement
IS 11262:1985 Specification for calorimeter for determination of heat of hydration of hydraulic cement
IS 11263:1985 Specification for cylinder measures for determination of air content of hydraulic cement
IS 12089:1987 Specification for granulated slag for manufacture of Portland slag cement
IS 12269:1987 Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland
IS 12330:1988 Specification for sulphate resisting Portland
IS 12600:1989 Specification for low heat Portland cement
IS 12803:1989 Methods of analysis of hydraulic cement by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
IS 12813:1989 Method of analysis of hydraulic cement by atomic absorption spectrophotometer

cement constituents

Lime 
  • Deficiency in lime reduces the strength of cement.
  • Deficiency in lime causes cement to set quickly.
  • Excess lime make cement unsound.
  • Excessive presence of lime cause cement to expand and disintegrate.
  • Its Percentage in cement is 60-65%
Silica 
  • Sufficient quantity of silica should be present in cement to dicalcium and tricalcium silicate.
  • Silica imparts strength to cement.
  • Silica usually present to the extent of about 30 percent cement
  • Its Percentage in cement is 17-25%
Alumina 
  • Alumina imparts quick setting property to the cement.
  • Clinkering temperature is lowered by the presence of requisite quantity of alumina.
  • Excess alumina weaken the cement.
  • Its Percentage in cement is  3-8%
Magnesia 
  • Magnesia should not be present more than 2% in cement.
  • Excess magnesia will reduce the strength of the cement.
  • Its Percentage in cement is  1-3%  
Iron oxide 
  • Iron oxide imparts color to cement.
  • It acts as a flux.
  • At a very high temperature it imparts into chemical reaction with calcium and aluminum to form tricalcium aluminoferrite.
  • Tricalcium aluminoferrite imparts Hardness and strength to cement.
  • Its Percentage in cement is   0.5-6
Calcium sulphate 
  • This is present in cement in the form of gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O)
  • It slows down or retards the setting action of cement.
  • Its Percentage in cement is 0.1-0.5 
Sulphur Trioxide 
  • Should not be present more than 2%.
  • Excess Sulphur Trioxide causes cement to unsound.
Alkalis
  • Should not be present more than 1%.
  • Excess Alkali matter causes efflorescence.